Understanding and perfecting the cyclone magnetofactor or “G factor” is not just a theoretical pursuit, it directly affects how we can improve real-world tools such as MRI machines, atomic clocks, and quantum sensors. These techniques depend on precise measurement of the interaction of tiny particles with magnetic fields, and even a slight improvement in understanding will result in sharper images, more accurate timing and better sensors.
The G coefficient is a number that helps describe the response of an electron particle to a magnetic field. It tells us how the electron’s own magnetic strength is related to the way it rotates. In early work nearly a century ago, physicist Paul Dirac predicted that this value would be exactly two. But later modern physical discoveries suggest that this number is slightly higher than two. This small difference is called “anomalous magnetic moment,” which means that a slight but significant shift in expected magnetic behavior has become a useful clue to testing our current theories about how the universe works.
Professor Jing-Ling Chen and Xing-Yan fans and Xiang-Ru Xie from Nankai University have come up with a bold new idea that could change scientists’ perception of this G factor. Their study, published in the Physics Results in the Journal of Science, provides a new explanation of why the g factor may change. What they call “electron blue cap mixing” suggests that the G coefficient of electrons can still be changed in a noticeable way without using advanced quantum field theory (describing particles interacting on the smallest scale).
At the center of this idea is something called “Breton”, a makeup concept based on a knitting pattern, just like how threads are weaved together. These patterns, called braid relationships, are used in certain fields of physics to explain how particles behave in special ways, especially in systems where their arrangement is important. Professor Chen’s team found that the main equation used to describe electron energy, called the Dirac Hamiltonian, can be considered part of a larger system. In this larger picture, two other versions of this equation appear naturally, each providing a slightly different view of the same electron. By combining conventional electrons with these alternative forms, they create a hybrid version of electrons that behave differently in the magnetic field.
This combination depends on several adjustable settings, called the mixing angle. These values determine how much there is in each version of the mixture, just like mixing colors in different proportions. Scientists show that by changing these angles, the G factor may also change. In one example, they examined the G factor based on the simple mathematical connection between these angles and the speed at which electrons move compared to mass. Professor Chen pointed out: “Our results provide new insights into the problem of abnormal magnetic moments of leptons.” Leptons is a family of particles that include electron, MUON and TAU particles.
Importantly, this mixing process does not produce any new particles. It just changes the way existing electrons are described using mathematical tools. Professor Chen explained: “Dirac’s Braden is not a new particle. That is, Dirac’s Braden is still an electron, but a unified conversion ‘electron’.” Unified conversion is a mathematical method that changes the way something is represented without changing its core physical properties. In other words, Braden is just another way to represent the same electron, not a different type of matter.
This method can also be applied to other heavier particles similar to electrons such as electrons and tau particles. These particles are more affected by changes in G factor due to their greater weight. By using the same equation, scientists can figure out which mix might explain the differences seen in the experiment. This provides physicists with a new tool to understand strange results.
Even if the idea is still theoretical – it has not been experimentally proven, it offers exciting possibilities for real-world testing. Scientists can look for signs that the G factor changes in new ways, not because of external forces or new particles, but because of how electrons are mixed with their alternative versions. If this is correct, it can help clarify the results of past experiments and provide better guidance for future experiments. Professor Chen suggests that more work is needed to understand deeper rules of symmetry (helps to explain the basic patterns of body laws). For now, Professor Chen believes that even using accepted ideas can find a tempting way for physicists to find ‘new physics’.
Journal Reference
Chen J.-L., Fan X.-Y., Xie X.-R. “Possible mechanisms to change the rotational magnetofactor.” Results of Physics, 2025; 69:108125. Doi:
About the Author
Jing-Ling Chen He is a professor of physics at the University of South Carolina. He received a bachelor’s degree (1994), a master’s degree (1997) and a doctor’s degree (2000) from the University of South Carolina, China. He is approximately one member of the researcher at Apply Physics in Beijing (2000-2002) and the National University of Singapore (2002-2005). His research interests are quantum physics and quantum information, especially in fundamental quantum problems such as EPR paradox, quantum entanglement, EPR steering, Bell’s non-locality and quantum context. He won the Paul Ehrenfest Best Paper Foundation (2021) for his contribution to quantum foundation. Recently, he has conducted some primitive explorations of spin, such as proposing spin vector potential, presenting a spin-type Aharonov-bohm effect, and predicting spin-angle moisturis waves.
